
Perhaps one of the most intriguing and difficult forms of expressionism is through the abstract.
Action painting, a form of abstract expressionism (depending on the critic) compels the observer (or as Allan Kaprow calls it the “participant”) to actively engage in the action of the painting, and to carry the thought within the canvas beyond the canvas transcending the boundaries of frame and dimension. However, the very process, purpose and influence of action painting has been widely discussed and debated since its inception into the art world. With this in mind, our brief discussion on action painting will focus on the essays of Harold Rosenberg (“Action Painting”) and Allan Kaprow (“The Legacy of Jackson Pollock”). The two authors offer priceless insight into the world of action painting through the general process (exemplified by Jackson Pollock) its purpose and the influence it plays in the modern world.
Harold Rosenberg’s critical outlook on action painting was published in the December 1952 edition of
Art News. Rosenberg described the introduction of the painters’ outlook on the canvas as more than a simple space for expressive observation but an “arena in which to act.” The action of painting became an act of theatre, so to speak, which resulted in the completion of an image in the same way the fragments of a performance piece end in sculpture. Rosenberg describes this unique take on painting stating that, “what was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event.” Action painting was the beginning of the end, shedding the aesthetic and the object for the conceptual and the expressionist. Rosenberg describes a major part of this experience as a “drama of self” for the artist and an autobiographical experience whether during the making or their paralleling lives (that is, between the painter and the canvas). However the deeper meaning of action painting, according to Rosenberg, is no mere brush on the classical or a selfish act of defiance; the act of action painting is a spiritual journey—religious in itself. This esoteric take on action painting describes how “The lone artist did not want the world to be different, he wanted the canvas to be a world. Liberation from objects meant liberation from ‘nature,’ society and art already there.” Action painting offers an ethereal platform for which the painter defies aestheticism in pre-dictated form.
Some have argued that action painting is merely child’s play and perhaps this is not entirely false. Allan Kaprow’s October 1958 essay “The Legacy of Jackson Pollock” describes the brilliance of Pollock based on his “amazingly childlike [approach], capable of becoming involved in the stuff of his art as a group of
concrete facts seen for the first time.” And indeed Pollock’s work could easily be described as childlike discovery, which may have been biographical of a nostalgic artist. Kaprow introduces the article with a poetic eulogy to the famed artist who “was, perhaps, the embodiment of our ambition for absolute liberation.” But his essay is more than a slight study of Pollock’s life and work, Kaprow outlines the legacy Pollock created with his innovative action paintings that were in themselves entire worlds that transcended the canvas and “became environments.” Pollock’s paintings captivated the essential concept of action painting having developed a breadth of work that has been scattered around the world and baffled
participants—Kaprow’s insisted term—for years.
The two essays address a vital truth in the world of art: action painting has truly changed the way we look at art. Rosenberg describes one of the basic principles of action painting as, “an act [that] is inseparable from the biography of the artist.” Kaprow carefully places Pollock alongside this accepted angle of the art, literally, saying, “Pollock could truthfully say that he was ‘in’ his work.” This is true: Pollock was known to actively participate in his action paintings stretching across the canvas and becoming an extension of the painting and vice versa. Rosenberg’s proclamation that the work of an action painter is inevitably autobiographical is reflective of the process Pollock used throughout his career as a painter (i.e. dripping, splattering, pouring, etc). Because of this, it can easily be argued that Pollock is revered as one of the most renowned and celebrated action painters having truly taken to heart what Rosenberg calls an “arena in which to act.”
However the two essays do have some points in opposite directions. Rosenberg clearly describes his views of action painting as a complete act of defiance on the aesthetic world, the world we observe and that which is seen. With this, Rosenberg believes the action painting to not be a painting of the world we see, but the world of the painter (See Note 5). Kaprow, however, describes some of Pollock’s works as gateways for the
participant as opposed to a world for the
observer. He states that in Pollock’s “older work, the edge…ended the world of the artist; beyond began the world of the spectator…Pollock gives us an all-over unity and at the same time a means continuously to respond to a freshness of personal choice.” Though Rosenberg describes the action painting to be strictly confined to the artist’s world, Kaprow describes some of the works of Pollock as a participatory and subjective experience.
For my personal endeavors I find Rosenberg’s critical analysis of abstract expressionism to be the most compelling of the two because it serves as a pedestal for the my personal practice. He concludes the painter’s goal of a “constant No to rid one’s self of the ‘real’ and aesthetic limitations of painting up till this point in modern art and to create a different world symbolic to the artist’s life, or (in other words) autobiographical. I am reminded of Oscar Wilde’s preface to
The Picture of Dorian Gray where Wilde says, among other things, “It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors.” Everything Wilde states in the preface to his novel complements the very purpose of action painting, which— in Rosenberg’s perspective—is to transcend aesthetics and to reveal a created world. Wilde warns that, “Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril.” It is with this warning and a final bold statement (“All art is quite useless”, stated in a time of pioneered Realism) that Wilde begins his allegorical tale for the misfortunes of a particular soul evidencing the preface to his novel. It is shown that indulgence of pleasurable meandering and excess in the aesthetic world is poisoning, particularly when the character Dorian Gray reads “The Yellow Book” which has been identified as the French novelist J.K. Huysmans’
Á Rebours.
Á Rebours pioneered decadent literature, revealing the twisted life of the aesthete Des Esseintes. The poisoning indulgence of Des Esseintes is parallel to that of Dorian Gray whose portrait is tarnished with age and sin as time is marked. These extreme examples of intrinsic art exemplify my practice that art should reveal little of the aesthetic or the literal (like action painting), renouncing imitation and celebrating originality through the unique.